Effect Of Subliminal Advertising: Children

Effect Of Subliminal Advertising: Children Many of us find the idea of subliminal messages altering our thought processes to be horrifying today. Often seen as akin to brainwashing, the notion that advertisers rely on subliminal messages to prey on childrens minds, demanding their attachment to some new cereal, toy, or game, is equally if not more disturbing to many people. Yet despite the protests of those against advertising to children, the effects of normal commercials are hardly subliminal, and hardly cause uncontrollable or irreversible change in disposition or desire. Additionally, though the effects of product placement in movies and television may more compellingly be seen as subliminal, and likely impact children more than adults, the effects of such advertising are not necessary severe, irreversible, or long-term for children. In this essay, I review research findings related to subliminal advertisings effects on children. I argue that while product placement in movies and television does technically qualify as subliminal advertising that can be seen to significantly effect children (unlike traditional commercial advertising, which does not technically produce subliminal effects), neither product placement nor commercial advertising has been proven to have irreparable unconscious or subconscious effects that vary according to age. While children are more vulnerable to product placement advertising as subliminal messaging than are adults, children should nonetheless not be seen as victims of brainwashing, but merely as less-informed or autonomous actors in a world where we can avoid advertisings effects by critically receiving messages and providing an alternative voice or message to those less informed around us. Subliminal Advertising Versus Commercial Advertising As Rogers points out in his historical examination of the idea of subliminal market advertising, the idea of the subliminal advertisement came about in the late 1950s, when it was suggested that data projected briefly on television would reach the consuming public subconsciously, rather than consciously, providing a qualitatively stronger effect that could be advantageous to marketers. Despite a lack of scientific validation for this claim, which one early critic likened to the idea that a whiff of a martini is worse than a swallow (qtd. in Rogers 13), the idea caught hold in the popular imagination that subliminal advertising strongly effected people without their knowing it, in favor of advertisers interests. In one movie theater where messages to eat popcorn and drink Coke were projected quickly (and therefore subliminally) on the screen, it was claimed that sales skyrocketed (Rogers 13). Yet this early experiment was not confirmed by third parties or conducted with an eye to potential limitations, and other variables were not carefully considered. Additionally, organizations concerned with protecting ordinary citizens from subliminal messages, such as the Federal Communications Commission, did not find in their experiments that such messages had strong or even noticeable effects (Rogers 15). Later research adhering more closely to scientific standards confirmed on the contrary that a strong stimulus produces a strong response, and a weak stimulus produces a weak response, implying that zero perception equals zero response, and so subliminal means in practical terms no effect' (Rogers 15). It has been argued nonetheless that for young children who may not recognize the difference between television programming and advertisements, commercials serve as subliminal advertising, effecting their beliefs and behaviors without their control. As Goldstein notes, the argument repeated in nearly every document on advertising to children assumesthat commercials create wants because young viewers do not understand advertising and are therefore particularly influenced by it (Children and Advertising 5). However, Goldsteins review of empirical research highlights evidence suggesting that advertising to children does not strongly effect their behavior or attitudes, in comparison with other sources of influence and socialization (Policy Implications). Parents and peers play a role in shaping children, which is arguably stronger than that of any commercial or corporation. As Goldstein writes, children learn to be consumers in the same way they are socialized into politics or acquire the ir attitudes about the sexes-from a variety of sources, including family, friends, teachers, and the mass media (Policy Implications 9). Additionally, no research indicates that not comprehending an advertisement as such gives it a stronger impact. As with the claim regarding subliminal messaging more generally, if you cannot comprehend something, then there is no reason why it would more strongly influence you than would something you can comprehend. As Goldstein argues, if children cannot extract the commercial message, they are not in a position to act on it (Policy Implications 5). Studies in different countries and contexts additionally confirm that commercials have little impact on young children, despite intuitive but anecdotal evidence of children identifying goods and toys on commercials as things they would like to possess (Goldstein, Children and Advertising 6).. Thus, while the research remains open to interpretation in this complex area of study, claims that commercials extraordinarily impact the youngest should not be taken as the ultimate truth. In summary, the idea of subliminal advertising having a strong effect on children or people in general due to its incomprehensibility is not strongly backed up by research, despite its initial appeal. Neither adults nor children are necessarily effected strongly by advertising messages they do not consciously recognize as advertising, while it seems likely on the contrary that subliminal advertisements not consciously received have little to no impact. Product placement within television programming or movies better fits the description of subliminal messaging, however, as it does have an impact, albeit a manageable one, on people (such as children) who fail to notice it. Product Placement: Subliminal Advertising that We Can Manage While images flashing across the screen effect adults little more than commercials that children do not recognize impact children, subliminal messaging is likely more effective in advertising through product placement, where characters in a movie or television series smoke a particular brand of cigarettes or drink a particular kind of soda, whose brand is one very minor message that easily goes unnoticed in the context of a plot line or other character or story development. Research shows there are effects to product placement that go beyond those associated with traditional forms of subliminal messaging. However, the effects of product placement on children are not necessarily severe or irreversible, leading most to conclude that this form of advertising is not much more of a serious problem for children than are regular commercial advertisements. Though product placement can be understood as non-subliminal as products usually have exposure time measured in seconds rather than milliseconds, making the message easy to see, if one is looking for it, product placement may be considered subliminal nonetheless, as its effects can be taken to be tacit or implicit because recollection of the brands may be unreliable or unavailable (Auty and Lewis, Delicious Paradox 118). Studies have found that children do respond to this sort of subliminal messaging. In one study, half of the children were shown a clip from the movie Home Alone where Pepsi Cola is spilled during a meal, while the other half were shown a similar clip without the branded soda. The majority of the children who saw the Pepsi Cola chose Pepsi over Coke in a later research session, while the majority of those who did not see the Pepsi label in the clip chose Coke. These findings lead Auty and Lewis to conclude that given the tendency of young children to watch videos of t heir favorite films over and over again, the findings have ethical implications for the use of product placement in films targeted at young children who have not yet acquired strategic processing skillsthey have been affected by the exposure in some preconscious way (Childrens Choice 713). Another hypothesis of this study was that younger children would be more vulnerable to product placement than older children. This was not found to be the case, suggesting that age is not a major factor impacting a childs vulnerability to product placement messaging. However, whether one has advertising literacy, which can only be developed at adolescence, does impact the effects of product placement on an individual. As Auty and Lewis write, it appears as if a sophisticated understanding of advertising will actually militate against effective commercial communications because it will stimulate a counterargument (Delicious Paradox 127). When one recognizes an advertisement as a form of attempted manipulation, this critical orientation can disincline one toward the message to buy or desire a particular good or service. Because one requires a certain level of cognitive maturity to understand product placement and other forms of advertising in a critical manner, age therefore becomes cr ucial to understanding how it is that adults but not children can become immune to such messaging. Auty and Lewis regard this as a delicious paradox of product placement as subliminal advertising: adults can guard against preconscious perceptions simply by noting the appearance of a produce as a placement with a commercial origin while children 8-12 years of age need cues to produce counterarguments, thus failing to understand the product placement as a commercial message (Delicious Paradox 128). It seems, therefore, that product placement in film does effect children more so than adults as a form of subliminal messaging. Thus, while it remains the case that unnoticed messages often have little to not effect on people whatever age they are, adults can develop a form of immunity to product placement as subliminal messaging, whereas children are vulnerable to this form of messaging, though its impact remains variable and difficult to understand in a conclusive manner. Such findings have led to much scrutiny particularly of product placement of alcohol or tobacco products in films or television shows accessible by children. In the 1980s many felt certain that such subliminal advertising was inappropriately impacting young people, encouraging them to make unhealthy decisions in the interests of businesses. Yet there remains hope that, as with other forms of subliminal advertising, the effects of product placement on young people can be managed by parental influence and other shapers of young peoples behaviors and attitudes. As Goldstein argues, the best predictors of smoking are whether ones parents and friends smoke (Policy Implications 9). Advertisers have no monopoly in their influence, and on the other hand one can identify countries where smoking is prevalent while people have little exposure to cigarette advertisements (Goldstein, Policy Implications 10), suggesting that the relationship between advertisements and behavior is hardly inevitable . Thus, one can teach their children to critically view media messages and otherwise help shape choice so that the media does not do this for them. In conclusion, there is little reason to be afraid of subliminal advertisings effects on children. Research suggests that at all ages that which one does not comprehend will have a small to nonexistent impact on his or her behavior, attitudes, and desires, which implies that children who watch advertisements that they do not understand are unlikely to be brainwashed or effected in a strong way by the messages. Neither children nor adults are significantly impacted by subliminal messages or other commercials that go unrecognized as such, and thus we have little to worry about when it comes to the effects of subliminal advertising on children. On the other hand, product placement today comes closer to fitting the definition of effective subliminal messaging, as information can be delivered without audience recognition to create an effect on uncritical minds. Clearly children are disadvantaged with regard to product placement as they are not able to recognize product placement as a means of behavior manipulation, and thus this remains a cause of concern for those who fear that children are at risk of taking up bad habits due to product placement of alcohol or cigarettes, for example. Nonetheless, as with other forms of subliminal advertising we cannot recognize or comprehend, we should not be too fearful of the effects of product placement on children as a form of subliminal advertising, as the media is only one of many factors influencing children, including parents, friends, and educators. Subliminal advertising, while it may exist, thus has only a minor impact on children, overall, against other factors vying for childre ns minds.

Bless Me Ultima Essay -- essays research papers

Blood becomes the river. The human race dies and only the â€Å"she-goats and the he-goats† (109) remain. The lake â€Å"cracked with laughter of madness† and the â€Å"ghosts stood and walked upon the shore†.(109) Who dares dream such gruesome images? Antonio Marez. He questions God, he communicates with the dead, the dead ask him for blessings. Just who is this Tony? Tony is only a seven year boy who lives in small town of El Puerto. But he is no ordinary boy, he is the hero of Rudolfo Anaya’s Bless Me Ultima. The novel guides you through Tony’s life. From childhood to adulthood. It tells you about the experiences Tony has in life. The difficult tasks he has to overcome. Tony being only seven years old has to go through a lot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tony begins his story in the beginning. He does not mean the beginning of his dreams from which he learned the story of his birth and the people whom his father and mother belong to, and the story of his three brothers. He means the beginning of Ultima. Ultima is one of the most important people in Tony’s life. She is not only a curandera (healer) she is also Tony’s teacher. She guides him through his journey. A journey in which he has to find out what his destiny is. â€Å"Ultima† means â€Å"the end† for Tony Ultima is the unification between the beginning and the end. Time almost sees her as a sort of deity. Tony learns from her the names of plants, the herbs, the flowers, bushes and his appreciation for nature grows. Tony learns about the â€Å"...

Influences of Social Media on the Youth Essay

Amanda Todd was 15 years old and lived in Vancouver. On October 19 this year she hung herself. Shortly before she did this, she made a YouTube video describing why she would commit this unfortunate act. What made her do this harrowing act? A 15 year-old girl with her whole life in front of her. It was the result of bullying on many social media sites such as Facebook. These sites were originally set up with good intentions to facilitate communication and to keep in touch with friends and family and to share pictures. These sites can also assist students in connecting with their peers and discussing their homework, assignments and group projects. Accessing various forms of social media is a common activity and has been shown to benefit adolescents by enhancing communication. Also, it improves technical skills and keeps people connected to society. Ever since children are born, books, movies and the internet influence how the youth act and think. These influence children more and more as they grow older. During the last 5 years, the number of preadolescents and adolescents using such sites has increased dramatically. Read more: Impact of social media on youth speech essay. According to a recent poll, 22% of teenagers log on to their favorite social media site more than 10 times a day, and more than half of adolescents log on to a social media site more than once a day. Thus, a large part of this generation’s social and emotional development is occurring while on the Internet. Unfortunately recent research indicates that these sites are now used in a more negative way far outweighing the benefits. Bullying, clique forming and pedophilia are increasingly prevalent on social media sites. Because of their limited capacity for self-regulation and susceptibility to peer pressure, children and adolescents are at some risk as they navigate and experiment with social media. NEGATIVE Social media sites can have a detrimental effect on the youth due to the ever-present risk of bullying. Cyberbullying is when a person or troll deliberately uses digital media to purposely expose, harm or embarrass a particular person. It is the most common online risk for all teens and is a peer-to-peer risk. Cyberbullying is quite common throughout society and it can happen to anybody. It can cause profound psychological damage such as depression and anxiety. Also, there is the economic impact felt by parents as their children are exposed to countless advertisements that pop up on sites urging them to buy unnecessary products. In a child’s perspective, they think they need these certain items to be popular or cool. Worse still, some of these sites can expose children to violence and sexual content and this has been proven to influence children in become more aggressive in their behaviour. Furthermore, children are becoming immune to seeing violence and regard it as acceptable behaviour. They are losing their ability to empathise and to know what is right or wrong. This has huge implications for society, relationships and families. Lastly, it is known that students that are on social media sites while studying show reduced academic performances because their ability to concentrate on a particular task is reduced by the distractions that are brought about by Facebook, YouTube or Twitter. The popularity of social media, and the speed at which information is published, has created a lax attitude towards proper spelling and grammar. This affects a student’s ability to write and spell effectively. In conclusion, the use of social media websites is detrimental to the education of the youth and also their mental well-being. As you can see from this brief overview of Facebook and other social media sites, the negative impacts far outweighs the initial benefits for which they were established. We’ve looked at cyberbullying and resulting suicides, the exploitative marketing, the exposure of violence and a breakdown in societal values and morality due to the effects of social media sites. Do you think these social media sites are worth all of these potential hazards? I think not. BIBLIOGRAPHY Dunn , J n.d., The 10 Best and Worst Ways Social Media Impacts Education, , accessed 11 November 2012, . DIaz, Y n.d., Anit-Social Networking, , accessed 11 November 2012,

Xtra Credit Sudden Death Epilepsy Example

Xtra Credit Sudden Death Epilepsy Example Xtra Credit Sudden Death Epilepsy – Coursework Example Article Summary Couzin-Frankel ed the article d as â€Å"Sudden Death In Epilepsy: Researchers Finger Possible Cause† and in this article the author talks about a research that helped in identifying that shutting down of the brain stem can cause death amongst patients experiencing epilepsy. For years physicians have no idea what were the causes of sudden death amongst patients experiencing epilepsy. Sudden death is most common amongst patients who experience seizures which are quite severe in nature. The author states that it has been estimated that more than 3000 individuals who are patients of epilepsy are experiencing sudden death. The author has even reported previous studies that have identified that a patient who experiences sudden death even experienced collapse of their entire cardiorespiratory system and their brain functionality even was found to be stopped. The authors state that the researchers were not convinced with the idea that collapse of the cardiorespiratory system caused sudden death and there must be something else that was causing the failure of the system. In order to find the connection, researchers performed an experiment in which mice went through mutations of the potassium ion channel gene as well as mutations in the sodium ion channel gene and these mice were induced with seizures. The outcome of this experiment was that mice experienced depolarization of the region called brain stem and it damaged one of the most important brain tissues that was in control of the smooth functioning of breath as well as heart and this caused sudden death. Couzin-Frankel, Jennifer. Sudden Death In Epilepsy: Researchers Finger Possible Cause. Science (2015): n. pag. Web. 18 Apr. 2015.

Reinstatement of Capital Punishment Essays

Reinstatement of Capital Punishment Essays Reinstatement of Capital Punishment Essay Reinstatement of Capital Punishment Essay What about a rabid criminal? A criminal deserving of execution must present great danger to those around him, Just like a rabid dog. When one kills for the sake of killing, its wrong. When one kills for the sake of retribution and public safety, its noble. In this paper, capital punishment is viewed as a mechanism for achieving an end. The an end that we want achieved by the nearness of capital punishment is a safer society. Execution of certain delinquents is a mere nearness to that goal. There are many practical and logical reasons to argue pro-capital punishment, and in this paper we shall discuss three of such utilitarian arguments: the first being that incapacitation of dangerous criminals purges the public of its ours, thus creating a safer place for all; second is, retributive Justice, as some wrongdoers cannot physically serve enough life sentences, for all the lives theyve taken, to Justify their stay on this Earth. Third has to do with the prorogued effects of having such a severe punishment system, and that is, deterrence in crime. Putting dangerous criminals to death eliminates the society from the possible outbreaks of violence, in case if a murderer gets paroled or escapes prison. In the United States there is a prolonged list of convicted murderers who when either released on parole r escaped from penitentiary, commit similar, if not even worse, crimes. An example would be the case of Donald David Idiolect who was convicted and found guilty on multiple charges including first degree murderer in 1979, sentenced to life in prison, managed to escape in 1990 and killed another person within twenty-four hours. He is now on Florists death row. Examples, like Idiolect and many more like him, clearly Implicate Tanat crimes committee Dye Imprisoned convicts dont stay Walton ten cell walls. Execution is the only way to make sure that no more of the same crimes are omitted outside the barstool by such convictsthe ones that pose great danger to others around them, be it in or out of Jail. Let us not forget that inmates also pose a threat to authorities within the penitentiary; capital punishment is as much of a benefit to their safety, as it is to the safety of their families at home. Not to mention the fact that prison is a dangerous place for its own residents, as cellmates are not paired up based on the brutality of their crimes, and often petty criminals can be have very dangerous cellmates who endanger the lives of those around them. Hanta L. Bolder was a prisoner serving a life sentence for 1973 first degree murderer. During his stay in prison he had killed his cellmate, in 1979. Prisons are meant to keep criminal offenders from the society, but the there are certain offenders who are too extreme even for prison. Now, as for retributive Justice, which is a system of criminal Justice based on punishment of offenders rather than on rehabilitation of criminals, is most favored by abolitionist of capital punishment because it represents modern day vengeance. Those who are against capital enmeshment usually argue that taking a human life violates the dignity of man, whilst on the other side, the opposition rebuttals with an argument that death penalty gives murderers what they deserve, and thus it would be a proper punishment. However, it is important to acknowledge that there are wrongfully convicted individuals and that, in their cases, it becomes a retributive injustice. We cannot ignore the fact that individuals can sometimes be wrongfully convicted, and thats why we must have a clear line that separates convicts deserving of capital punishment and those who do not. In the words of Emmanuel Kant: Even if a civil society were to dissolve itself by common agreement, the last murderer remaining in prison must first be executed. This quote contains a powerful message that reflects on todays society, as a 2012 poll by Angus Reid Public Opinion, showed that out of 1200 Canadians across the country, 63% believe that the death penalty is sometimes appropriate and three-in-five Canadians claim support for reinstatement of capital punishment in Canada. These results are not surprising considering the barbarity of certain crimes that have take place in Canada in the last five years. The Huffing Post, The National Post and The Toronto Sun have addressed capital punishment in pertinence to the killings done by Robert Pickett, Terrier-Lynn Monoclinic, and Lukas Magnate, respectfully. All three publications have claimed that the brutality of these, respective, first degree murders are too brutal to not be punished in a most severe matter. Recalling the appalling details of these three murder cases makes one wonder whether an execution would be too merciful off punishment to these evil beings. Deterrence in crime, due to capital punishment has been a largely debated topic of argument. Research has en done, and statistics have been collected by both, pro and anti-capital punishment debaters. Those who oppose deterrence in crime argument, claim that criminal rates drop from the abolition of capital punishment onward and that death penalty does not affect criminal behavior. A study done by the death penalty opponent and economics professor at the University of Colorado Dry. Niacin Mocha, evaluated data on the influence of individuals removed from the death row, those executed, and those who received commuted sentences, showed that each execution result TTS In Twelve Tower unwelcome Ana commuting eaten sentence nearness Twelve more homicides. Another study done by University of Huston, showed that the Illinois moratorium on executions in 2000 led to 1 50 additional homicides over four years following. In 2004, a study by Emory University concluded that speeding up executions would strengthen the deterrent effect, in fact, for every 2. 5 years cut from time spent on death row, one murderer would be prevented. Fear of death makes people do incredible things in life, may it be saving themselves, or, if Canada had not abolished the death penalty in 1976, not to commit gruesome murderers like Lukas Magnate did. Reintroduction of the death penalty, would pose a threat of death o those who may be planning on committing terrible crimes. Capital punishment is a w ay to purge the world of some of its most evil inhabitants. Whether it is wrong to take life, even of those we deem certain individuals deserving of such punishment, is a difficult question to answer. In this paper we tried to shed some light as to why capital punishment is needed in our Justice system, but the ultimate decision is a democratic one. It appears that, recently, large percentages of Canadians have been opening up their minds to this debate, and it seems like right now is the perfect time or this debate to rekindle its flame. Be it retribution we seek as our Justice, or deterrence in crime, or Just general safety of people in and out of Jails, we can all agree that our future is bleak by the way crimes get more brutal, in recent times, and we need a way to divest our future generations from gore and ugliness that is brought on by dehumidifying crimes of our present. We need to show no mercy to those who darken the future with horrific crimes. Killing is brutal, barbaric, inhumane, gruesome, cruel, and sadistic at the hands of killers. Killing is merciful, ad, relieving, peace-bringing, and noble at the hands of physicians.

Love Blood and oil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Love Blood and oil - Essay Example This meeting took place between the Saudi Arabia’s King Ibn Saudi and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. This agreement progressed at various foreign policy doctrines with the subsequent United States presidents to George W. Bush. The 2008 Klare’s documentary film; Blood and Oil featured much of what was presented in the Klare’s book; that is, the conflict of oil. The oil reserves in the Middle East have long been regarded â€Å"a stupendous source of strategic power† by America. This claim is evidenced by a memo to the state department that is dated August 1945. According to Michael Klare, a progressive energy analyst, in his documentary, Blood and Oil, the Middle East oil resources contributes to the United States’ weakness (Morris&Young 6). Based on the same documentary, Blood and Oil, Klare examines the relationship between United States foreign policy and Oil. Plying the part of a film commentator, Klare hints on the importance of accessing and controlling oil within the presidential doctrines right from FDR through the administration of George W. Bush. On this point, Klare argues that controlling of the world’s energy resources is foundational to the United States of America foreign policy as from the World War II. Notably, the notion of Blood and Oil administrations demonstrates how the United States’ energy policy and foreign policy to be very essential intertwined (Morris&Young 9). Since the year 1860, the United States of American is known to be the leading petroleum consumer. Despite its worldwide low population of approximately five percent of the entire world population, the United States’ oil based economy consumes approximately twenty five percent of oil that is produced globally; this can be approximated to twenty million barrels per day. In the 1960s, the United States became intensively self sufficient and was producing over eighty percent of its own oil. Nonetheless, the

The origins of Industrial revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The origins of Industrial revolution - Essay Example Perhaps the first pastoral of its kind, if taken negatively, it would mean destruction of Luke and Michael both to some extent, as Luke could not live a positive life away from it and Michael could not live without the landscape and his son. The unprecedented evolving of society was diminishing the pastoral lifestyle in the late 18th century, and while mountains and land remained the same, shepherds and their herd were disappearing from the landscape. It was too early for the land to go through a transition, although industrial revolution was taken root in cities and was spilling over to rural space. The story is of Michael, a highly principles shepherd who lived with his wife and son, and had to send the son away to pay a debt on land. Luke was expected to go to industrial city to earn money and return to his land. But Luke fails to do so, falling prey into pitfalls of industrialization and fails to return home with the result that both his doting parents die heartbroken. A real event made Wordsworth to narrate the story with simple pathos. The effect of nature on man is highly evident, manipulating and overpowering him, to such an extent that when he is planted away from familiar space, he would be out of depth like Luke. The effect is powerful, overbearing and unbroken. With the advent of industrial revolution, Nature was losing its precious part, animals, and the continuation of pastoral human life that tended them. But there were choices in front of present generation represented by Luke, who had to choose between land and faraway options and this choice never existed for earlier generations and here industrial revolution becomes an alternative provider. "Though the industrial and agrarian revolutions may not have changed the appearance of the Lake District, they claimed the peasants' children. And the break-up of the family was a change which Wordsworth felt must be resisted," John Purkis (1970, p.57. When Michael was written, Britain was already going through the initial days of modernity and was losing her local identities and ecological landscapes. Wordsworth was aware that rural communities were losing their tie with land and were drifting towards cities. . REALISM Realism that reproduced visuals as eye sees it, almost photographic came into prominence in mid 19th century and continued beyond it and still remains as one the most favored form of art. Gustave Courbet who is revered as almost the initiator of Realism was unpredictable in his art. His Burial at Omans is perhaps the most impressive piece connected with the ongoing industrial revolution of the time. http://www.artchive.com/artchive/C/courbet/ornans.jpg.html Industrial Revolution had ushered in a sense of irreverence, acute reality, hardship and indifference in the society. It had defied the conventional piety, respect, honour and devotion and more than that, it has negated the class differences and gender equality is more pronounced with women opting to work. This made women more visible in all places, places of trade, mourning, market, and travel. Industrial revolution had introduced a defiant commonality into the European societies and the above painting