Design, synthesis and pharmacological tests of leukotrienes A4 Dissertation

Design, synthesis and pharmacological tests of leukotrienes A4 hydrolase inhibitors as a potential targets of interest in cancer - Dissertation Example Chemical shifts (?) are reported in parts per million (ppm) relative to TMS and the coupling constants (J) are described in hertz. IR spectrums were obtained using Perkin Elmer Spectrum 100 FT-IR spectrometer, wavenumbers (?) in cm-1 Methods 1. Preparation of (Z)-(((5-(2-bromo-2-nitrovinyl)-1,3-phenylene)bis(oxy))bis (methylene))dibenzene (43) Scheme 26 Synthesis of (E)-(((5-(2-nitrovinyl)-1,3-phenylene)bis(oxy))bis(methylene))dibenzene (43). In a 25 ml round bottom flask a solution of 3,5-dibenzyloxy-benzaldexyde (318.4 mg, 1.0 mmol) in xylene (mixture of isomers, 10 ml) were added bromonitromethane (279.9 mg, 2 mmol), dimethylamine bromide (1.134 g, 9 mmol) and potassium fluoride (8.7 mg, 0.15 mmol). The flask was equipped with a Dean-Stark system and the mixture was heated at reflux temperature until the disappearance of the aryl-aldehyde by TLC (usually noted after a reaction time of 4-5 hours). Toluene (10 ml) was added and the reaction was left refluxing for 18 hours. After bei ng cooled at room temperature, the reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum to remove xylene, then diluted with water and extracted with CH2Cl2 (3?20 mL). In some cases a filtration over Celite ® surface was required in order to remove excess of reagent residues prior to extraction. The organic phase was then washed with water, dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. Crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel (40 g) using mixtures of Hexane and AcOEt of increased polarity. The target compound was afforded as a brown oil (45 mg, 10% yield) 2. Preparation of (E)-1-(benzyloxy)-4-(2-nitrovinyl)benzene (50) Scheme 27 Synthesis of (E)-1-(benzyloxy)-4-(2-nitrovinyl)benzene (50). In a round 250 ml bottom flask, a solution of 4-bezyloxybenzaldehyde (6.36 g, 0.03 mol) in toluene (75 ml) was prepared. To this solution, nitromethane (17.7 ml, 0.33 mol), dimethylamine hydrobromide (15.108 g, 0.12 mol) and potassium fluoride (341.5 mg, 4.5 mmol) w ere added. The flask was equipped with a Dean-Stark system and the mixture was heated at reflux temperature until the disappearance of the aryl-aldehyde by TLC. After 3 hours and 45 minutes, the reaction flask was cooled at room temperature and the reaction mixture was evaporated under vacuum to remove toluene, then filtered under Celite surface and the filtrate was diluted with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered and concentrated under vacuum. After, the crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel (90 ml of pure CH2Cl2) to provide the corresponding (E)-1-(benzyloxy)-4-(2-nitrovinyl) benzene (50) as a solid mass (0.55 g, 7.25% yield), which was later purified by flash column chromatography. IR ?max (KBr): 3109.9, 1687.9, 1625.9, 1596.8, 1509.3, 1490.6, 1463.2, 1455.4, 1425.0, 1384.9, 1336.9, 1307.3, 1245.7, 1167.2, 1122.4, 1080.9, 1031.2, 987.0, 921.2, 869.5, 849.4, 818.6, 751.1, 726.9, 697.1, 654.9, 616.2, 551.6, 528.5, 520.0, 505.3, 463.0, 416.9, 406.0 cm-1. 3. Preparation of 1-(benzyloxy)-4-(2-nitroethyl)benzene (51) Scheme 28 Synthesis of 1-(benzyloxy)-4-(2-nitroethyl)benzene. 200mg of (E)-1-(benzyloxy)-4-(2-nitrovinyl)benzene were added to a flask containing 1.55g of silica gel. Then 2.3 ml of 2-propanol and 12.5 ml of chloroform were added. Then 117mg, 3.1 mmol of NaBH4 was added. The solution was stirred at room tempera

The fashion clothing industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

The fashion clothing industry - Case Study Example Primark operates in 167 in UK, Spain and Ireland with one-third of its stores in Ireland and two-thirds in UK. Since September 2006, 23 new stores have opened to give 4.4 million sq ft of retail selling space. First established in 1969 as Penneys in Mary St (Dublin), Primark Stores Ltd., is a subsidiary of Associated British Foods Plc (ABF) a publicly quoted company. Primark is the leading player in UK's no-frills fashion retailers. Primark is a fast fashion trend setter for the consumers of age below 30. . Primark's profits rose 30% in 2005 off the back of a 17% sales increase (sales were worth over 1bn).( The Guardian) In 1997, the combined wholesale sales revenue of the UK fashion design companies was about 600m, over half from overseas sales. The fashion clothing sales revenues have grown from just 185m in 1990, an increase of 225% over seven years giving a compound annual rate of growth of more than 18%. (Designer Fashion) The UK industry, though experiencing strong growth, is still small by comparison with France (whose industry, including revenue from perfume, accessories etc, is worth 900m), Italy (1.5bn) and the US (5.2bn). Led by Paul Smith, and international experience suggests that there is room for growth in this sector. Overall, it is reasonable to project that the fashion industry will continue to grow at around a rate of 5% per year in nominal terms. ((Designer Fashion) Ac SWOT Analysis: While understanding the business strategy of any organization, the initial step to consider the SWOT analysis of the company. According to Chuck Williams, co-author Managing Organizations, "Strength and weakness are considered internal to the company while opportunities and threats are seen in the environment external to the company. (Williams, C. et al) Strengths: Cost Leadership: Primark's core strength lies in low price offer to the clothing consumer. This can be studied as cost advantage of the firm in the following sections. The company also exhibits Cost leadership strategy. Primark has a tactful strategy in offering speedy markets sales that replicate the hot trends of the fashion show within less time for cheap prices. The clothing is highly admired by teenage girls, mothers and young lads. Speed to market: The primark release the new fashion into the market in a rapid manner. While that fashion item is still in demand and hot in the market, it appears in the stores of primark. Value for money. Primark gives value to consumer's money. In primark's view, value to money is equal to quality compared to price. So, consumers are fully satisfied with the quality of clothes in primark and about prices. Efficient distribution: Having maximum hype is not enough to sustain in retailing market, delivering in time to retailers is also most important for business. This is possible through the efficient channel partners for distribution to primark. Delivering the products in time is the factor of success. Segmentation & Targeting: Primark's focus strategy is it targeted the fashion conscious in young people only under the age of 35, by offering high quality. Fashion basics at value for money prices. Primark is proud on its loyal customer base.