Scottish Traditions And Cultures

Scottish Traditions And Cultures This is my English assignment on Scotland. I am going to talk about the history of Scotland, the culture and traditions of Scotland and about the Sports in Scotland. The Culture and Sports are very close but I think they have to be explained a part. I hope you and myself learn from this assignment and have fun with reading. (As long you can have fun)The history of Scotland. The land that now forms Scotland was in the prehistory part of the continent that now forms North-America, so Scotland isnt really part of Europe but a part from Laurentia. During the last interglacial, around 130,000 and 70,000 BC, Europe was warmer than now and the Neanderthals found that there was a mild spell in Scotland around 40,000 BC so they settled in Scotland, but no traces of early humans have been found. After 40,000 BC Britain was torn apart by glaciers and Scotland wasnt inhabitable any more. After 9600 BC the ice retreated and Scotland could be inhabited again. In 8500 BC there were hunter-gatherers in Scotland and several settlements have been found and the first permanent settlements were found in around 3600 BC. In 2500 BC the Bronze Age entered Scotland and there has been found some hill forts from probably 900 BC which shows us that the people in Scotland were quite good in building settlements and monuments. Around 800 BC the Iron Age entered Scotland and till th e invasion of Roman Empire Scotland was a peaceful inhabited by Celtic tribes. This was a short summary of the prehistoric history of Scotland but no written records were found till the invasion of Scotland buy the Romans, now Im going to talk about the Roman Invasion of Scotland and what happened after that. England was invaded by Julius Caesar in 54 BC but Scotland fought more than 100 years later because Caesar couldnt get to Scotland. In AD 43 Britain was invaded again and they lost a few battles giving ground to the Romans. Agricola was the first one who attacked the people in Scotland itself and he got quite far but even though he had to let Scotland go after he didnt got re-elected for being the governor of Scotland. In 122 AD the Romans tried to protect themselves from the attacks of the Caledonians by the famous Hadrian wall. The Hadrian wall was started by governor Hadrian and ended six years later to protect them for the raiding tribes. The Romans tried to build a second wall to conquer more land called the Antonine wall but broke it off because it was unnecessary. When the Romans retreated from Britain in 407 AD Scotland of now was set in 4 parts with each part its own king and people. They were the Picts, the Scots, the Angolans and the Britons. In 563 AD Saint Columbanus, a monk, came to northern Scotland and Christianity spread rapidly. In 843 the Picts and the Scots united under king Kenneth MacAlpines reign in Alba (later Scotia). The weird thing was that the Picts just threw their culture away to take the Scots culture. The Angolans went south to England and the Britons lived in the lowlands and since 890 the Vikings lived in the western Isles and operated from there their attacks on Scotland. The next kings and queens were crowned on the stone of scone (stone of destiny) in scone. In 1034 under Duncan I his reign Scotland was united except the parts of the Vikings. In 1040 Duncan I was killed by Macbeth, who got beaten by Duncan I his son Ma lcolm III. In 1066 England was defeated by William the Conqueror and in the years after that, Malcolms son David I Scotland conquered a part of north England. After that till 1268 Scotland started to grow economically and culturally. In 1268 Alexander III died and with no follower than 3 year old Margaret, forced Scotland to crown Margaret as queen. In 1290 Margaret died and not less than 13 men said they had right at the throne. But Edward I of England called David I as king of Scotland. David I and France started an alliance against England. As response on this Scotland lost parts of the lowlands to England . In 1290 Robert I tried to recapture them and In 1320 Scotland was announced as independent country by Robert I but England didnt recognized this declaration till 1328. From 1371 till 1603 there were some conflicts with England and Scotland tried to increase their relation with France and it all happened under the reign of the Stuart family. The last Stuart king was Henry V wh o got the throne in 1603 but he made so much trouble with his lust for power that he had to flee to northern England, and caused a civil war in 1642. The civil war was won by Oliver Cromwell with his New Model Army. He called England, Ireland and Scotland as one republic without a monarchy. But in 1660 Cromwell was dead already and Charles II came on the throne. James VII followed him when he died but was set off by the parliament and Willem of Orange was called to be king of Britain with his wife Mary. James V fled to France but some of the Scottish were still faithful to James VII (the Jacobites). The Jacobites on 27 juli1968 Willems army lost a battle from the Jacobites. In 1702 Anne followed Willem as queen of Britain but the parliament was determined to keep the Stuarts of the queen. So they parliament went to Sophie of Hannover the granddaughter of James VII and they told Scotland if they accepted her they would get trading privileges. But England and Scotland had to reunite i n one parliament. In Scotland there were some riots but in 1707 the offer was accepted and Scotland wasnt a state anymore and had no parliament. Economically it was a good case for Scotland but there were still people especially highlanders who wanted the Stuarts as kings and queens. Charles Edward Stuart was a grandson of James VII and he started a war with his Jacobites against England in 1745. But in 1746 he got defeated after the battle of Culloden and had to flee to Italia. After this battle it was forbidden to wear any skirts, play bagpipes and the clans were not allowed to exist anymore. They switched from livestock-farming to sheep cultivation and potatoes were the most important food in the highlands. When the potato harvest went wrong loads of people went to America (not the VS) and the big cities for work and food. This was a period of grow in economics, literature and culture so Scotland changed in the 18th century from one of the poorest countries in Europe to a normal economically growing land. In 1999 many years later Scotland got its own parliament again. It counted 127 seats in the parliament these are the partys who got seats: 47 Scottish National Party, 46 Scottish Labour Party, 17 Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, 16 Scottish Liberal Democrats, 2 Scottish Green Party, 1 independent

Deregulation And Globalization in the Banking Sector

Deregulation And Globalization in the Banking Sector Globalization refers to the process by which economies, cultures and societies integrate through global networks such as communication, trade and transportation. Economic globalization is the most famous form of globalization. Economic globalization refers to the integration of regional and national economies into a common international economy by engaging in trade, spread of technology, migration and direct foreign investment. In the economic sense, globalization refers to the elimination or removal of barriers on the national borders with the aim of facilitating smooth flow of goods, services, capital and labor (Agdish, pg 101).Globalization leads to emergence of global financial markets and access to external funding. The global recession of 2007-2010 is an example of financial instability occasioned by globalization. The industrial production blossoms due to globalization that makes it possible for economies to access to foreign products with particular reference to the movement of goods and materials across national borders. Deregulation on the other hand refers to the elimination of government regulation or rules that hinder free operation of the market forces (Velde, pg 85). It means limiting government control on the trade and business processes thus promoting free trade. Globalization and deregulation have an impact on the optimal boundary of financial institutions in Turkey such as Finans Bank, Dexia, Akbank Turam Alem Bank, EFG Euro bank and NBG. This paper highlights the effects of deregulation and globalization in the banking and financial sector and its impact on the optimal boundaries of companies and firms in the financial sector. Deregulation and globalization are some of the external factors that encourage and promote consolidation in the financial services sector thus affecting the optimal boundaries of firms in financial and banking sector in Turkey. The need to recapitalize financially in challenged institutions is the driving factor of consolidation. Deregulation and globalization leads to rise in competitive trade that promotes restructuring in the financial sector services as a strategic response. Turkeys banking and financial sector has its own experience of effects of globalization and the effects of deregulation on the optimal boundary of firms in these sectors. The free market forces or the pull and push factors encourage entry of foreign banks in the host nations financial market. The low level of competition, the potential of accessing new markets in the host countries especially in developing countries is equally responsible for the entry of foreign banks (Velde, pg 87). There are benefits and costs of entry of a foreign bank in the financial and banking sector of the host nation. The benefits include bringing new technology, financial support for needy banks and new techniques of risk management. Other benefits include the continuation of lending to economies experiencing shocks that have potential of adversely affecting the banking sector and cushion the financial capital that may leave or flee the nation during crisis. The entry of foreign banks tends to boost the quality and performance of corporate governance thus enhancing efficiency of the host nations banks hence stabilizing the economy. However, the entry of foreign banks and financial institutions carry with them certain risks such as negative shocks leading to instability thus weakening the local banking sector and the failure by such foreign banks to provide financial assistance in times of crisis. The regulations in host nations many a times do not control the activities and operations o f foreign banks (Pascual, pg 44). Turkey experiences increase in the entry of foreign banks into the country due globalization and deregulation that attract such financial institutions. The host countries such as Turkey view deregulation and entry of foreign banks as a solution of solving the problem of high levels of debt. The urge to boost international trade and improve technology in a bid to modernize the local banking sector informs the decision by countries such as Turkey to pursue deregistration as a method of enhancing trade. The host country, which is Turkey, hopes that entry of foreign banks may spur savings and widen the service and product base.After financial crisis; countries try to attract foreign investment from banks that may be able to take advantage of the low prices in the host nations market. The concept of foreign banking is informed by the fact the banks enjoy the information and contacts with the manufacturing firms in the host nation at a lower cost. The removal of regulations and effects of globalization makes it easier for a foreign bank to enter in the host country (Velde, pg 88). The financial crisis of 2000-2001 resulted in restructuring of the banking sector in Turkey that really affected the optimal boundaries of firms in the banking and financial sector. This financial crisis provoked the interest of foreign banks to take over the local Turkish banks at a cheaper price. During the crisis, the foreign banks engaged in mergers and acquisitions that increased their share by 0.66 percent. The Shares of the foreign banks have continued to increase because they purchased through the stock exchange. The growth of EU banking system has been a motivating factor for consolidation of banks. The American banking system led to big financial institutions, as JP Morgans Chase that took over Bank One. These big American institutions have reached their optimal level in America and are currently seeking opportunities in foreign countries like Turkey that have high growth potential(Caprio ,pg 96). The participation of foreign banks in the privatization process and in Turkey is likely to increase in the future and equally increase the foreign share in the local or domestic market. The foreign banks focus on local banks that provide home and consumer credits besides serving the corporate clients. For example, the Finans Bank was able to attract National Bank of Greece due the high quality of its retail products that includes consumer loans, checks, insurance and car loans. Dexia purchased the Denizbank to improve its customer base that grew to 1.4 million customers in Turkey. The Citigroup too bought 20 percent equity interest in the Akbank to strengthen is hold and position in Turkey. These firms were able to improve their optimal boundaries due to globalization and deregulation. The push factor for some of these foreign firms now operating in Turkey was the low level of profitability in their home countries. These banks equally moved in to Turkey in order to diversify their op erations and client base (Agdish, pg 102). The urge to boost international trade and subsequent investment inform the decision by some banks to expand abroad. For example, the entry of Greece firms in Turkey was to invest in certain sectors such as tourism, navigation and industry. The small size of banking sector in Greece makes their banks to expand into countries such as Turkey .The ING bank for example continues with its activities of leasing and involvement in the insurance sector while Sekerbank continue to invest in the agriculture, construction and tourism sectors following its financial deal with Bank Turam Alem. EFG Euro bank and NBG have interest in clients dealing with commercial and industrial enterprises (Agdish, pg 103). There are effects of deregulation and globalization on financial institutions and banks in Turkey and this affects the optimal boundary firms in these sectors positively or negatively. The level and degree of effect on financial institutions vary depending on the nature and size of their assets, the level of risk aversion, government support and their ability to manage the changing financial environment. Some banks benefitted from such financial conditions while others continue to experience adverse effects. Structural changes in the banking sector are some of the results of entry of foreign banks in the Turkish financial sector as they influence credit analysis, operational and financial planning, human capital and marketing (Ali, pg 56). The financial market in Turkey improved with the entry of foreign banks thus making the domestic banks to withstand the financial crisis. The decline of interest rates, technological transfer, improvement in risk management and transparency are some of the benefits of entry of foreign banks to the optimal boundary of banks such as Turam Alem Bank, EFG Euro bank and NBG. The services offered in the banking sector have continue to increase in variety such as the internet banking and other financial instruments, efficiency increases with the entry of foreign banks into Turkey due to increase in the use of computer technology and less man power. These foreign banks facilitate the entry of foreign capital in Turkey and continue to fund large-scale projects due to their relationship and link to the global financial markets (Ali, pg 57). In conclusion, it is important to note that deregulation results in free flow of goods, capital and services without any manner of interference or control by the government except in cases where the firms engage in fraudulent activity. Deregulation is a key feature of free market economy and has direct impact on the optimal boundary of firms in the banking and financial sector in Turkey .Globalization leads to minimal national border barriers this affects the optimal boundary of banking and financial firms in Turkey , which increases competition and easy entrance into new markets. Stock exchange is one of the common features of free market concept since foreign banks are able to engage in business with their local and domestic counterparts through trading on the stock exchange. It is equally important to note that globalization and deregulation can have positive or negative impact on the performance of the financial and banking system depending on the strategies and strengths of firm s. The entry of foreign banks into Turkeys banking sector resulted into restructuring of the financial sector due to the transfer of information and technology.

Oedipus The King :: Oedipus Rex, Sophocles

Oedipus the King: Appetite for Destruction Of all the tragedies that Greek playwright Sophocles created in his illustrious career, the one that stands out as his masterpiece, and quite possibly one of the greatest of all the Greek tragedies is Oedipus the King. The tragedy focuses on the life and downfall of the unfortunate King Oedipus, who was condemned by the oracle at an early age to murder his father and marry his mother. Despite the oracle’s grim prediction, Oedipus was responsible for his own downfall due to his overly proud and impetuous attitude, and his own intellect and diligence. In the polis of Thebes, Oedipus was the not only the king but he was also the hero of the community. The security and health of the community depended on him and he was expected to meet every urgent crisis with a plausible solution. He was celebrated for acting decisively and making decisions and then acting on them. With all his past accomplishments and achievements, Oedipus developed a strong sense of confidence, which fueled his over inflated ego. Unfortunately, when circumstances did not turn out in his favor, such as in his conflict with Tiresias the blind prophet, Oedipus became rigid and refused to see the problem on any one else’s terms except his own. Oedipus only wanted things to go the way he thought they should go. Whatever stood in his way he tried to overcome publicly and without any compromise from the opposing party, which was illustrated in his argument in front of the palace with Creon over the murder of the former King Laius. Ultimately his attitude of confid ence with no compromises contributed to his disastrous and sad end. In most cases, intelligence and diligence are valuable traits to possess, but for Oedipus they contributed to his eventual downfall. Oedipus was known for being extremely intelligent and was very talented at solving riddles. To earn the right to be King of Thebes, Oedipus solved a riddle, which as a result removed a plague from the land. In the play, Oedipus is again faced with another plague in his kingdom and this time the riddle was to discover who murdered King Laius. Using his intelligence, he again solves the riddle, but tragically for Oedipus he discovers that he is the murderer and he ultimately has to punish himself for the crime. Throughout his search all the people around him were urging him to use caution in his search, and even his wife Jocasta ordered him to abandon his quest, citing that the oracle was mistaken and was a hoax.

Nuclear Power Essay -- Energy

Nuclear power is a technology that has enormous benefits for humankind. As the demand for energy is only continuing to grow, it has become important to develop energy technology that has good yield and minimal negative side effects. After the harnessing of the atom for use in nuclear weapons, the knowledge of how to exploit the atom became incorporated in nuclear power plants (Corradini 1). These use uranium fuel in a process that releases tremendous amounts of energy to be captured, but also that creates minimal waste and other byproducts. Despite these, the benefits of nuclear energy outweigh any disadvantages, as seen by its high energy output, reliability, and minimal environmental impact when compared to energy sources such as fossil fuels. Due in large part to its high energy output, nuclear power is a feasible and practical technology for meeting the world’s energy needs. For example, global energy demand has been continually increasing, with a 66% growth between 1980 and 2007; this demand is expected to increase by 40% by 2030 (World-Nuclear.org). As a testament to nuclear power’s utility as an energy source, it currently provides a large amount of global electricity: nuclear power met 20% of the global demand of electricity as of 2008 (Abu-Khader). This power generation is spread across 30 countries and is a result of 436 nuclear power plants (Adamantiades). The 20% figure also represents the United States’ dependence on nuclear power for generating its electricity. France, however, has a drastically higher dependence on this type of energy source due to its economic practicality, relying on it to meet 80% of its electricity demand (Mufson). Other countries like France include: Lithuania, Slovakia, and Belgium... ...r. 2012. Adamantiades, A., and I. Kessides. "Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development: Current Status and Future Prospects." Energy Policy (2009). ScienceDirect. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. Connor, Steve. "Nuclear Power? Yes Please..." The Independent. The Independent, 23 Feb. 2009. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. Corradini, Michael. "Nuclear Energy." World Book Student. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. Mufson, Steven. "Nuclear Power Primed for Comeback." The Washington Post. The Washington Post, 8 Oct. 2007. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. Niiler, Eric. "Is Thorium the Future of Nuclear Power?" MSNBC.com. MSNBC, 07 Oct. 2011. Web. 04 May 2012. Reiss, Spencer. "Face It. Nukes Are the Most Climate-Friendly Industrial-Scale Form of Energy." Wired Magazine. Condà © Naste, 19 May 2008. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. "World Energy Needs and Nuclear Power." World-Nuclear.org. World Nuclear Association, Dec. 2011. Web. 5 Apr. 2012. Nuclear Power Essay -- Energy Nuclear power is a technology that has enormous benefits for humankind. As the demand for energy is only continuing to grow, it has become important to develop energy technology that has good yield and minimal negative side effects. After the harnessing of the atom for use in nuclear weapons, the knowledge of how to exploit the atom became incorporated in nuclear power plants (Corradini 1). These use uranium fuel in a process that releases tremendous amounts of energy to be captured, but also that creates minimal waste and other byproducts. Despite these, the benefits of nuclear energy outweigh any disadvantages, as seen by its high energy output, reliability, and minimal environmental impact when compared to energy sources such as fossil fuels. Due in large part to its high energy output, nuclear power is a feasible and practical technology for meeting the world’s energy needs. For example, global energy demand has been continually increasing, with a 66% growth between 1980 and 2007; this demand is expected to increase by 40% by 2030 (World-Nuclear.org). As a testament to nuclear power’s utility as an energy source, it currently provides a large amount of global electricity: nuclear power met 20% of the global demand of electricity as of 2008 (Abu-Khader). This power generation is spread across 30 countries and is a result of 436 nuclear power plants (Adamantiades). The 20% figure also represents the United States’ dependence on nuclear power for generating its electricity. France, however, has a drastically higher dependence on this type of energy source due to its economic practicality, relying on it to meet 80% of its electricity demand (Mufson). Other countries like France include: Lithuania, Slovakia, and Belgium... ...r. 2012. Adamantiades, A., and I. Kessides. "Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development: Current Status and Future Prospects." Energy Policy (2009). ScienceDirect. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. Connor, Steve. "Nuclear Power? Yes Please..." The Independent. The Independent, 23 Feb. 2009. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. Corradini, Michael. "Nuclear Energy." World Book Student. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. Mufson, Steven. "Nuclear Power Primed for Comeback." The Washington Post. The Washington Post, 8 Oct. 2007. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. Niiler, Eric. "Is Thorium the Future of Nuclear Power?" MSNBC.com. MSNBC, 07 Oct. 2011. Web. 04 May 2012. Reiss, Spencer. "Face It. Nukes Are the Most Climate-Friendly Industrial-Scale Form of Energy." Wired Magazine. Condà © Naste, 19 May 2008. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. "World Energy Needs and Nuclear Power." World-Nuclear.org. World Nuclear Association, Dec. 2011. Web. 5 Apr. 2012.

Huckleberry Finn: A Free Spirit Essay -- essays research papers

Huckleberry Finn: A Free Spirit Huckleberry Finn is not an escapist, but a free spirit who only wants to live deeply disentangled from the bonds of society. An escapist is someone who flees from his/her responsibilities, while a free spirit is a person who knows no boundaries, and cannot be tamed by society. It may appear at first that Huck is an escapist, for he enjoys not having to go to school when living with his father. He escapes from the cabin and his father’s abuse; however, he escapes from his father’s cabin out of the necessity of survival, not because he didn’t want to accept responsibilities. Even though Huck did enjoy fishing and relaxing in the sun during his stay with Pap, it wasn’t the responsibility that he was escaping, but the rules that society had imposed on him. Huck didn’t mind learning new things and being knowledgeable, but he did not like to get dressed up, to have to go to school, to be well behaved and polite, and to learn good manners. â€Å"I was kind of lazy and jolly, laying off comfortable all day, smoking and fishing†¦and my clothes got to be all rags and dirt, and I didn’t see how I’d ever got to like it so well at the widows where you had to wash and eat regular†¦It was pretty good times up in the woods there, take it all around.† (p. 31) Living in the woods is harder work, having to catch food and build fires to stay warm, but Huck doesn’t mind work as long as he can do it how he wants to. Huck is always going against society and cannot liv...

Modernism vs. Victorianism

According to the Witcombe, in his website regarding modernism, anything is modern at the time it was created. Strictly speaking, modern refers to the a certain period in history, more or less around the 1860s, where pieces of art depict ideologies and philosophies. Art works of this period include Manet, Belvedere, Louis David, de Goya, and Courbet, to name a few. These pieces portray ideas that seemed taboo, or too different from the what society believes in. Because prior to the turn of the Modern Age, ideas for art were too â€Å"old fashioned† as many has deemed.They seemed rigid, or stifled. These art works are categorized under Victorianism. Victorianism refers to a period where Queen Victoria reigned. During this period, many aspects of society, from science, politics and religion, were a stark contrast to the modern age. As written in the website The Victorian Web, this period is a high for inventions, where man is able to to create means for the improvement on how man lives. On this aspect of society, Victorianism is at an advantage. However, in regards to their religion, the people underwent â€Å"a great age of doubt†.Their literature was an attempt to combine Romantic and Neoclassical eras, focusing on emotions and the role of art and the artists to the public. This period also gave emphasis on movements such as democracy, feminism, socialism and Marxism. There were many established names such as Darwin, Marx, and Freud, that gave way to the Modern Era. In the same website, they said that Victorianism is a parent to Modernism, and as such, there was a strong reaction to the parent. Modernism gives light to the need to find what was holding society back to the â€Å"Old Fashioned†.By having more emphasis on the progress of society, Modernism strongly opposes the ideals of Victorianism. This is evident with the projects and creations of this period, the focal points were very different. Witcombe quoted Salvador Dali, modernism is â€Å"a revolution in consciousness. † One can assume that since Victorianism is related to a very strict parents, Modernism as a child will strongly repel these ideals and create his own. Modernism focuses on freedom. By comparing the many art works from paintings to literature, to science and technology, one cannot be mistaken of the differences between these two periods.Another metaphor can be a sealed bottle. Victorianism refers to that sealed bottle, and that would be art in itself. However, people would have noticed that a sealed bottle would have served no purpose to society. There were instances where a sealed bottle could have done something more progressive for society, and not just for aesthetic values. But it is not enough for others. These people would be the forefathers of modernism. They didn't want a sealed bottle. They want an open bottle, with all its contents pouring out.That would be art, the dynamic factors of modernist approach calls for greater improvem ent. It inevitably foresees progress. As a natural reaction, anything that is repressed tends to fight back, to go to the extreme opposite. This is evident in many cases, as it is here between Modernism and Victorianism. The people back then, in the regime of Queen Victoria, were gullible, always easy to follow and be affected by what authority and society dictates. The modernist people thought that there must be a time when they can think for themselves, and be liberated by the chains of society.There were so many things that could more than tickle a man's imagination during the former period, and according to ChangingMinds. org, the thoughts and information that cannot be fully handled by the mind, is taken aside and processed in a different manner. Effects reflect in a different manner. This is called Repression. In the case between these two periods, the people had been repressed in such a way that the matters where their eyes should be open, their eyes have been closed either b y society, or by those in authority, using threats or unwanted consequences as an exchange for disobedience.In conclusion, Modernism is the reaction to Victorianism because of the repression on the ideals and practices of the people. Modernism is the point where the consciousness of the people have been opened to even greater ideas, philosophies, and possibilities. The people were liberated to reality with the use of the many aspects of society, pushing it forward. Remaining at a state where one is not challenged, stagnant at a point where life is dull, is never a good thing. Man would not be where he is to this day without this turning point.However, human beings will inevitably have such a turning point, for the complex mind of man can be more cunning than we perceive. He will never be content, and will always aspire for changes. Works Cited Landow, George. â€Å"The Reality of Victorianism. † The Victorian Web. 15 December 2007 http://www. victorianweb. org/vn/victor4. htm l â€Å"Repression. † Changing Minds. 15 December 2007 http://changingminds. org/explanations/behaviors/coping/repression. htm Witcombe, Christopher. â€Å"Root of Modernism. † Modernism. 15 December 2007 http://witcombe. sbc. edu/modernism/roots. html.

Bill of Lading

* Introduction of the Bill of Lading â€Å"Lading† is another word for cargo. Lading refers to the material goods that are transported by the carrier from one location to another on behalf of a sender and a receiver. Such transportation may be carried out by way of ground transport, by aircraft or by cargo ships. Carriers use the bill of lading associated with a given shipment to ensure that goods are delivered safely to the sender as the shipper had named. â€Å"Bill of lading† is a legal document which is using by the shipping companies and freight companies. The purpose of the bill of lading is to acknowledge that the carrier has received the goods. The bill of lading transfers the title, or legal ownership, of the goods to the carrier; therefore. If there anything happens to the goods in transit (at the en route), the carrier is responsible for paying for the damages. The bill of lading is a receipt given to the person who shipping the products. Delivery time and method of delivery are also outlined within the bill of lading. This is a standardized form which is provided by licensed carriers to be filled out by the party sending a shipment. The most prominent feature of the B/L is the list of all items contained in the shipment, with spaces for individual quantities and their condition at the time of shipment. And also the B/L must state the value of all items and include the names and signatures of both the consigner and the consignee. The ports of consigner and the port of the consignee are also very essential. There is a description about how shipping materials are packaged in the shipment. Also it was noted, total weight of items and the total cost charged by the carrier for the service. Legally, Bill of lading is representing goods of value and their ownership. It should be written as a negotiable document or non-negotiable document. In any case, the producer is shipping an order of goods to a paying recipient, so that a transaction will be completed at delivery, then the Bill of lading must be non-negotiable. But if the ownership and delivery of goods associated with a negotiable B/L may be transferred from one party to another. For this reason, negotiable B/Ls may be used in as collateral for securing a loan. The transport of goods from one destination to another bears the risk that the goods may be lost or sustain damage en route. Though professional carriers go to great lengths to ensure the safety and proper care of their cargo, loss and damage can occur. For the receiver, a shipment's B/L is a ynamic snapshot of the shipment prior to its voyage. If the receiver finds fault with the goods in terms of content, quantity or condition by virtue of any discrepancy between the shipment and the B/L's contents, she may pursue legal action against the carrier using the B/L as evidence for her case. * Functions of the Bill of Lading 2. 1. As a receipt of cargo Bills of lading often are prepared by shippers and carriers, if they prepare bills of lading, must rely principally on information suppl ied by shippers. Carriers often will have little opportunity, in the course of loading, independently to confirm all that is said by shippers as to the nature, condition and quantity of their cargoes, e. g. because cargo is concealed within packaging. Nonetheless, because the bill of lading is a receipt issued by the carrier, it is the carrier and not the shipper that will be liable to the receiver for any discrepancies between the quantity and apparent order and condition of the cargo on shipment, as acknowledged in the bill of lading, and of the cargo as delivered to the receiver. The bill of lading can be treated as conclusive evidence as between the carrier and a receiver and as at least prima facie evidence as between the carrier and the shipper, as to the number, weight or quantity and apparent order and condition of the cargo on loading. Two types of bill of ladings can be issue in within this scenario, * Clean Bill of lading – Carrier is declaring that the goods have been received in an appropriate condition, without the presence of defects. The product carrier will issue a clean bill after thoroughly inspecting the packages for any damage, missing quantities or deviations in quality. Clause Bill of Lading – This shows a shortfall or damage in the delivered goods to the consignee. Typically, if the shipped products deviate from the delivery specifications or expected quality, the receiver may declare a clause bill of lading. That means, if there any differences between the B/L and the physical shipment, it has checking by the carrier and en ter some clauses regarding that differences before he start the voyage. 2. 2. Evidence of a contract In practice, because bills of lading often are transferred, by endorsement and delivery or mere delivery, not only from shippers to consignees (i. . the persons to whom the cargo is consigned or sent and, thus, the intended receivers of the cargo) but also by shippers or consignees to banks or onward to subsequent purchasers, a bill of lading will be the only evidence of the terms of the contract for carriage of the cargo that it covers that is available to a consignee or other transferee of the bill of lading. Thus, bills of lading in the hands of consignees or other, intermediate or subsequent, transferees often have to be assumed to contain all of the terms of the contract of carriage. . 3. Document of Title to Cargo Cargo often is intended to be sold, or sold on, after it has been consigned to a carrier and the consignee thus either might not be identified when a bill of lading i s issued or might thereafter alter. The shipper or consignee of a cargo sold, or sold on, after consignment to the carrier but not immediately paid for will require some assurance that the cargo will not be delivered to the purchaser or end purchaser before the price has been paid. Conversely, if the cargo is sold or sold on and paid for immediately after consignment to the carrier, the purchaser or end purchaser will require some assurance that the cargo will be delivered to it, and not to the order of either the shipper or the original consignee. Similarly, a bank might have advanced funds for the purchase of the cargo either to the original shipper, or to the consignee, or to a subsequent purchaser and will require some assurance that the cargo cannot be disposed of before the bank is reimbursed. It is not feasible for intermediate or subsequent transferees, or transferees for limited purposes, of a cargo that is dealt with afloat each to take physical possession of that cargo for the duration of their interest. However, it is both feasible and desirable for each of those transferees to control disposition of the cargo for a period of time, or to an appropriate degree, through control of a document representing an entitlement to the cargo. Thus, by mercantile custom, both â€Å"received for shipment† and â€Å"shipped on board† bills of lading have come to be treated as documents of title to cargo. The Process of issuing the Bill of Lading The bill of lading might be prepared by the shipper and presented to the carrier for signature, in which case it must be presented to the carrier within a reasonable time after completion of loading of the material cargo and signed by the carrier within a reasonable time of its presentation. Otherwise, and increasingly often i n practice, the bill of lading will be prepared by the carrier, principally from information supplied by the shipper, in which event it should be prepared, signed and delivered to the shipper within a reasonable time after completion of loading of its cargo Types of Bill of Ladings with different Labels 4. 1. Straight B/L A bill of lading that is not transferable by either delivery or endorsement and delivery, e. g. because it is marked â€Å"not negotiable† or is not made out to â€Å"bearer†, to â€Å"order† or to â€Å"assigns†. Straight bills of lading are used, for example, for â€Å"in house† shipments between divisions of large multinationals or when it is known for certain, prior to shipment of the cargo that the intended consignee will not sell the cargo on. . 2. Switch B/L A replacement bill of lading issued at the request of a consignee seller to replace the original bill of lading issued to that seller’s supplier as shipper, so a s to show the consignee seller as shipper and its own sub-purchaser as consignee. Such bills of lading are intended to keep the identity of the supplier from the sub-purchaser and thus to prevent future direct dealings between the supplier and the sub-purchaser. 4. 3. Sea way bill It is a receipt for cargo that contains or evidences a contract for the carriage of goods by sea and which identifies the person to whom the carrier is to deliver that cargo. Sea waybill differs from a bill of lading in that it lacks transferability and in that the designated consignee thus is not required to produce the waybill in order to obtain delivery of the cargo. 4. 4. Clean bill A bill of lading that contains no positive notation of a defective condition or shortage either of the cargo covered or, where material, of its packaging. 4. 5. Claused bill A bill of lading that contains a positive notation of a defective condition or shortage either of the cargo covered or, where material, of its packaging. 4. 6. Combined Transport/Multimodal Transport/House to House bill A bill of lading that covers not only carriage of cargo on an ocean going vessel but all or other stages and/or forms of carriage, e. g. carriage of the cargo by rail, road or barge from the shipper’s premises to an ocean port of shipment, from that port to an ocean port of discharge and from that port of discharge by rail, road or barge to the consignee’s premises. What contains in the Bill of Lading A bill of lading will contain the following information as a minimum requirement (see the Business-in-a-Box sample on the left to see the real template): – Shipper's name and address – Receiver's name and address – Carrier Name – Description of the items that are being transported – Gross weight and dimensions of the shipm ent – Classification of the commodity being shipped – Nomination and identification of the party who is paying for the transportation.